Two Concepts of Liberty
两种自由概念
In his 1969 essay, Two Concepts of Liberty, Isaiah Berlin contrasts “positive freedom” (in the positive sense of having of an ability achieve) and “negative freedom” (in the negative sense of the absence of interference). These two concepts of freedom seem to correspond to Amartya Sen’s distinction between “opportunity freedom” (the capability to achieve functionings) and “process freedom” (the absence of external interference on personal autonomy).
Berlin regards positive freedom and negative freedom as simply different ways of conceptualising the same thing. If an individual’s capability set is fixed, then her positive freedom to achieve any combination of functionings in the capability set is equivalent to her negative freedom of no external interference preventing her from achieving any of those combinations.
However, if positive freedom includes an individual’s agency to form and pursue goals that she has reason to value, then the capability set is no longer fixed. Goals broaden the range of achievable outcomes. The range of outcomes that are immediately achievable is far more limited than the range of outcomes that are achievable through goals. So having agency (to form and pursue goals) expands an individual’s capability set, increasing her freedom beyond simply being unencumbered by external interference.
Moreover, agency entails reasoned scrutiny to distinguish different combinations of functionings based on their objective value. A person’s freedom is not simply being free to select any element in a capability set, it also entails evaluating one’s goals and identifying goals that seem worth pursuing.
So positive freedom with agency is much more than negative freedom.
以赛亚.柏林（Isaiah Berlin）在其1969年的论文《两种自由概念》中对比。这两种自由概念似乎与阿马蒂亚.森（Amartya Sen）对“机会自由”（实现功能的能力）和“过程自由”（非外界干扰的个人自治）的区分相对应。
柏林认为积极自由和消极自由只是对同一事物概念化的不同方式。如果一个个体的能力量集合是固定的，那么她实现能力集中任何功能组合的积极自由就等同于她不受任何外界干扰阻止她实现任何这些组合的消极自由。
然而，如果积极自由包括个体制定和追求其有理由重视的目标的能动性，那么能历量集合就不再是固定的。目标扩大了可实现结果的范围。可立即实现结果范围远比通过目标可实现的结果范围要有限的多。因此，拥有能动性（为制定和追求目标）会扩大个体的能力量集合，增加其自由，超过不受外界干扰的自由。
此外，能动性要求理性审查以根据其客观价值区分不同的功能组合。一个个体的自由不仅仅是自由地选择能力集中的任何元素，它还需要评估自己的目标并确定似乎值得追求的目标。
因此，具有能动性的积极自由远远不止消极自由。